Which of the following is a possible physical sign of protein-energy malnutrition?

Protein-energy malnutrition (PEM) is characterized by inadequate intake of protein and calories, which can lead to various physiological changes in the body. Each of the signs mentioned is a potential indicator of PEM.

Dull or dry hair can occur due to a lack of essential nutrients and protein, which are vital for maintaining healthy hair. Hair is made of keratin, a protein, and insufficient protein intake can lead to hair becoming fragile, dry, and lacking luster.

Fine blood vessels around the eyes may suggest a lack of adequate nutrition, particularly vitamins and minerals that contribute to vascular health and skin integrity. Nutritional deficiencies can affect the skin’s appearance, making blood vessels more prominent.

A loss of color or a wasted appearance is a classical sign of PEM. When the body lacks sufficient protein and energy, muscle mass can decrease, leading to a frail and emaciated look. Additionally, the skin can lose its normal pigmentation and elasticity, which can contribute to a pale or ashen appearance.

Since all the options reflect distinct yet interconnected signs of protein-energy malnutrition, the conclusion is that they collectively represent signs of this condition, validating the selected answer. Recognizing these signs is crucial in preventing and addressing PEM in older adults, who are particularly