Which of the following can interact with iron?

Iron absorption can be influenced by various substances, and each of these options has potential interactions with iron.

Penicillamine is a chelating agent that can bind to iron and decrease its absorption in the gastrointestinal tract. This is particularly relevant in clinical settings where managing iron levels is important, such as in patients with certain types of anemia or those undergoing treatment for conditions like rheumatoid arthritis.

Non-narcotic analgesics, while primarily used for pain relief, can also affect iron absorption indirectly. For example, certain analgesics may lead to gastrointestinal irritation or bleeding, which can subsequently impact an individual's iron status, making it harder for the body to maintain adequate iron levels.

Calcium carbonate is known to interfere with the absorption of iron. Calcium competes with iron for absorption in the intestines, leading to a potential decrease in the amount of iron that enters the bloodstream effectively. This interaction is particularly significant in individuals who may already have marginal iron stores.

Taken together, all these substances can interact with iron absorption, making it important for individuals, particularly older adults who may be at greater risk of iron deficiency, to be mindful of their intake of these agents around the time of iron supplementation. Thus, the correct response is affirmed as all options can interact with iron