What condition results from an imbalance of sodium and water in the body?

Hypertonic dehydration occurs when there is an imbalance of sodium and water in the body, leading to a higher concentration of sodium in the extracellular fluid relative to water. This condition typically arises when the loss of water exceeds the loss of sodium, causing the body to become hypernatremic (high sodium levels). As a result, cells may lose water to the extracellular space in an attempt to equilibrate the sodium concentration, leading to cellular dehydration.

In this condition, the body's physiological response is to conserve water while still excreting sodium, which further exacerbates the fluid imbalance. This can occur in various situations, such as excessive fluid loss through sweating, diarrhea, or inadequate fluid intake while still maintaining normal sodium levels.

Understanding hypertonic dehydration is crucial for managing hydration in older adults, who may be more susceptible due to factors like reduced thirst response, increased risk of chronic illnesses, and medications that affect fluid balance. It is essential to recognize and address hypertonic dehydration to prevent complications such as confusion, neurological deficits, and even kidney problems.